Dennis Ryan

Conceptual artist Dennis Ryan — OCD art

This series of 6 paintings was created directly after the phobia art series. Coming off of the 7 paintings of phobia studies Dennis really wanted to focus more on simplicity. He wanted this series to suggest beauty by line in motion and less by mental disturbance suggested by imagery. It is called the OCD art series because obsessive compulsive disorder is the main theme of the fine art; but not the only theme... anxiety concepts are also prevalent. On the surface, Ryan wanted to approach creating these paintings as pieces of beauty by using line to create form. He wanted the viewer to experience the flow and aesthetics of the art, and not just the concepts. Carried forward are some of the attributes he found successful in his previous paintings: like broad areas of solid color, mixing and juxtaposing mediums, and the use of household cleaning chemicals to inflict surface wear.

This mainstay of this OCD Series is the hands. The importance of hands, not only for the obsessive hand washing component of OCD, but on a bigger scale, is that hands are the way we all connect and most intimately interact with the world around us.

I found this artist who produces paintings expressing certain elements of OCD, what struck my attention was the use of bright primary colours, dabs of paint, layering and splodges as it resembled the work I'd researched previous to this which was focused around microscope photography. The one thing I'm not keen on with this work is the obviousness of what is being presented after knowing the work is about OCD, however I do appreciate the idea and techniques used and will experiment with similar things for myself. 

More Practitioners Of Interest

- Elaine de Kooning
- Lee Krasner
- Franz Kline
- Arshile Gorky
- Mark Rothko
- Hans Hoffman
- Adolph Gottlieb
- Anne Ryan
- Jackson Pollock
- Robert Motherwell
- Philip Guston
- Clyfford Still

I've documented these names in case I want to re-look at their work throughout my project during the development process.

Fernan Federici

- Fernan Federici is a molecular geneticist, photographer and award winning microscopist.
- Works with microbial and plant systems, and is an expert in high-thoughout DNA circuit assembly and cellular imaging.

This work reminds me of light photography, it's given me an idea that this could be an interesting route to take when experimenting with the production of germ, disease and bacteria visuals. This work also reminds me of the ultra violet light experiment which initially brought my attention to this idea in the first place. I will definitely look into light photography and see what I can come up with as I've not done much of this in the past, this will also give me a chance to work in the studio and increase my skills in that area as I feel it's something I'm lacking.

Willem de Kooning

- Willem de Kooning is a Dutch abstract expressionist artist.
- Born in the Netherlands.
- Painted in a style called abstract expressionism or action painting.
- the hallmark of de Kooning's style was an emphasis on complex figure ground ambiguity.
- "The attitude that nature is chaotic and that the artist puts order into it is a very absurd point of view, I think. All that we can hope for is to put some order into ourselves." - Willem de Kooning.

I like the pattern element in his work and think they like the work of other practitioners that I've mentioned, resemble that of the specimens under the microscope. What I fins special about this work is the ambigious ability to form images with our mind within the images, I like the idea of not being forced into something visual I prefer to be just helped along. 

Nikon Small World Photomicrography Competition

I found a competition that specialises in microscope photography, this gave me an incite to what sort of microscopic images are known as 'winners' as well as gave me the names of other practitioners who specialise in this area that I can use in later research and development.
The Nikon Small World Photomicrography Competition lets us see beyond the capabilities of our unaided eyes. Almost 2000 entries from 70 countries vied for recognition in the 37th annual contest, which celebrates photography through a microscope. Images two through 21 showcase the contest's winners in order, and are followed by a selection of other outstanding works. Scientists and photographers turned their attention on a wide range of subjects, both living and man-made, from lacewing larva to charged couple devices, sometimes magnifying them over 2000 times their original size. --Lane Turner.

Wim van Egmond of the Micropolitan Museum in Rotterdam, Netherlands photographed a Leptodora kindtii (giant waterflea) eye from a living specimen using the differential interference contrast method. (Wim van Egmond)

Dr. Igor Siwanowicz of the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology in Martinsried, Germany shot "Portrait of a Chrysopa sp. (green lacewing) larva" at 20x magnification using the confocal method. (Dr. Igor Siwanowicz)

Jasper Johns

- Jasper Johns is an American contemporary artist who works in painting and printmaking.
- Often described as a Neo-Dadaist, as opposed to pop art, event hough his subject matter often includes images and objects from pop culture.
- Early works were composed using simple schema such as flags, maps, targets, letters and numbers.
- Johns' treatment of the surface is often luch and painterly.
- Famous for incorporating encaustic and plaster relief in his paintings
- His work is like Marcel Duchamp's work in how it's presented.

His paintings remind me of the microscopic photos of germs and parasites, the quick strokes symbolise the vast movement of the specimens and the bright colours resemble their normally unseen beauty. I'd like to experiment with mixed media rather than just producing photos because the mixture between media might complement the idea of thousands of different germs, bacteria and disease being present in our lives each day. 

About OCD

My knowledge on OCD is not great enough to pursue a project on it so I've been researching the basics into the disorder to begin with, I'll develop a more aggressive research plan when I feel as though I've covered the general aspects of what the disorder is about. I began by simply reading the definition of OCD and started looking into everything to do with it.

______________________________________________________________

Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a serious anxiety-related condition where a person experiences frequent intrusive and unwelcome obsessional thoughts, often followed by repetitive compulsions, impulses or urges.

The illness affects as many as 12 in every 1000 people (1.2% of the population) from young children to adults, regardless of gender or social or cultural background. In fact, it can be so debilitating and disabling that the World Health Organisation (WHO) has actually ranked OCD in the top ten of the most disabling illnesses of any kind, in terms of lost earnings and diminished quality of life.

Based on current estimates for the UK population, there are potentially around 741,504 people living with OCD at any one time.   But it is worth noting that a disproportionately high number, 50% of all these cases, will fall into the severe category, with less than a quarter being classed as mild cases.

______________________________________________________________

After reading this article that I found on http://www.ocduk.org/ocd, I was shocked to see that not as many people suffered from the disorder to what I thought, because I know many people with this disorder I must have assumed it was more popular to the public that what it actually is. 

OCD takes different forms, the 5 main forms are as follows:

-Contamination obsessions with cleaning/washing, people who suffer from this tend to obsessively clean their homes or hand after touching something as everyday as a door knob.
-Harm obsessions, people who suffer from this tend to be paranoid and constantly check to see if for example 'the cooker is switched off' as if they don't they think it will either harm themselves or others.
-Sexual/religious or aggressive themes (pure obsessions), people who suffer from this tend to experience intense thoughts of violence, attack, sexual aggression and other things like these, even if the sufferer knows they wouldn't go ahead with the acts, the thoughts are intense enough to force them into compulsions to relieve the thoughts.
-Ordering/arranging/counting compulsions, people who suffer from this type of OCD tend to be perfectionists when it comes to everyday life, nothing can be out of place. 
-Hoarding, OCD suffers tend to have the obsessional fear of losing items or possessions which may be needed one day as well as experiencing excessive emotional attachments to objects.

I'm interested in all aspects of OCD yet would like to focus on the contamination obsessions for this particular project because it's linked to something I've always wanted to explore, that is, the rapid spread/grown of germs, bacteria and disease in society and how it effect not only the lives of OCD sufferers but also the lives of people living without the condition, people who go about their day without worrying about the dangers on every surface that they touch.

Thomas Jackson

-Thomas Jackson is based in Brooklyn, New York.

These photos are from Jackson's series 'Emergent Behaviour', the description for this series by him from his website goes as follows:

Emergent Behavior

The hovering installations featured in this ongoing series of photographs are inspired by self-organizing, "emergent" systems in nature such as termite mounds, swarming locusts, schooling fish and flocking birds. The images attempt to tap the mixture of fear and fascination that those phenomena tend to evoke, while creating an uneasy interplay between the natural and the manufactured and the real and the imaginary. At the same time, each image is an experiment in juxtaposition. By constructing the installations from unexpected materials and placing them where they seem least to belong, I aim to tweak the margins of our visual vocabulary, and to invite fresh interpretations of everyday things.

I came across this work accidentally when researching microscopic images. This work has given my a strong idea of what sort of experiments I can do, these pieces remind me of the microscopic germs living with us in our world and the fact that these objects that resemble them have been placed outside gives the images a stronger sense of idea. I know this isn't what the images are about but it's what they make me think of. I would like to experiment with the technique of installing objects onto an outdoor area then Photo-shopping the stabilisers away, leaving behind magnificent, magical, imagination screaming images.

Roman Vishniac

When researching Micrography I came across Russian-American photographer Roman Vishniac, he was best known for capturing the culture of Jews in Central and Eastern Europe before the holocaust. The work I was interested however, was his heavily visited work on photomicroscopy and cinemicroscopy. Vishniac specialized in photographing live insects and had a talent for arranging the moving specimens into just the right pose. In his lab he created photographs and motion pictures of living things which would be too small for us to see with the naked eye.I watched a Youtube video showing the work of Vishniac and also the more modern work of Wim Van Egmond, the video demonstrates their work and compares the detail displayed within the 1897 born work of Vishniac and today's version of the same thing.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSN1WPZtnXA

I prefer the look of the bad quality image on the left as opposed to the crisp detailed capture on the right when looking at these images in an artistic manner because I enjoy the ambiguity, it creates a magical feel which I often pose a strong like to within photography as I frequently believe that capturing something obvious and easily recognisable/always seen by people can be pointless sometimes as preserving something that that will always be there and can be seen by anyone doesn't have s special quality to it where as an image that makes you wonder or an image that doesn't hold obvious meaning or content has a secret, exciting quality that is only present whilst the viewer is looking at that particular image. 

How To Do Micrography

I found a presentation online by David Linstead on how to do 'Photography through a microscope'. I've looked through it and realised there are some things I'll need to ask the lab technicians before jumping straight into the process. The slides I found beneficial are shown below:

After reading through this presentation I became interested in finding out some information about what I was getting myself into. I sent Cath Hide, the lab technician, an email asking her some questions which I've found within this presentation to get an idea of what equipment and light source I'll be using which in turn effects the quality of the end images.

Wed 08/01/2014 15:58
Hi Cath, 

I was wondering whether I could ask you some questions about taking photos through the microscopes?
I don't expect an instant reply as I respect that you're very busy but some of the things I've been interested in finding out are:

What types of microscopes are available? Monocular, binocular or trinocular? 

Is it the modern 'infinity corrected' type of the older 'finite tube length type'?

What is the source of illumination?

What type of camera is available, digital compact or digital SLR?

Thanks very much, hopefully I'll be able to come to the labs once my photography project gets going and I can take some photos through the microscopes!

Cheers, 

Toni

I received a reply:

Hi Toni

They are binocular microscopes – I don’t know what tube length they are but they have either halogen bulbs or LED s – depending on the microscope – and we don’t have either compact or SLR cameras

 

Difficult to describe really!

Hope that’s of use

Cheers

Cath

Beginnings Of Micrography

A micrograph, or photomicrograph, is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an item. This is opposed to a macrographic image, which is at a scale that is visible to the naked eye.


The conversation I've had previously with the lab technicians are as follows:

Sun 12/05/2013 14:40Hello Geoff, 
It was lovely to see you the other night in the pint pot, i hope you evening was enjoyable.

I have copied my friend Toni into the email as she was interested in doing some photography in the labs with Cath and was hoping we could do something interesting.

Thanks for your time.

William
_____________________________________
Mon 13/05/2013 15:21
Dear William and Toni,

It was great to see you both too. I’ve copied in Cath who runs the labs. Toni, you would need to liase with her as to when times would be suitable and whether she has appropriate samples in. Living samples are obviously only available sometimes but there are also fixed microscope slides, live stick insects and preserved tapeworms amongst other things! Toni, perhaps the best thing would be to arrange to drop in and see Cath in the labs sometime and she can then show you what kind of things she has got and what she sometimes gets.

I’ve attached a microscope picture (from the internet)of one particularly photogenic alga, called Volvox. Perhaps some of these types of organisms will provide some creative inspiration.

I hope this helps

Best Wishes

Geoff
_____________________________________
Fri 04/10/2013 17:53
Hi Geoff,

We spoke in May about me maybe being able to come into the labs some time to take photos of the living samples/fixed microscope slides. Apologies for the late reply, my student email account has only just began working properly again since leaving for summer. 

I have been looking at some images of certain bacteria and they're really inspiring. I was just wondering whether or not I'd still be able to visit the labs, look around and maybe take some shots?

I was hoping to do something along the lines of this for my Final Major Project, it would be great to get some early practice and experiments in!

Thanks very much, Toni Hopley
_____________________________________
Thu 10/10/2013 19:33
Dear Toni
 
Nice to hear from you. I think I spotted you getting off the bus at Salford Precinct the other day, but it was too late to say hello when I realised who you were.
 
I don’t think this should be a problem. What I suggest is that you arrange to meet Cath (she is copied in) to have a look at the labs and have a chat about what you could do. She has some very busy periods when there can be up to 80 people in the lab, so she will need to liase with you as to when she is busy and when it is best to do things. Also there will be times when she may get particular specimens in, so she might be able to advise you as to when that would be.
 
If you get in touch with Cath and meet up and I’m sure she can have a chat and arrange something.
 
Best Wishes
 
Geoff

_____________________________________

Fri 11/10/2013 14:59
Hi Geoff

I saw you too, this time you and Cath were getting on the bus across the road from Peel building! I was going to say hello but you both seemed busy talking to another student. 
I will get in touch with Cath right away!
Thanks very much! 
Toni

_____________________________________

Fri 11/10/2013 15:02
Hi Cath, 

I hope all is well. I've been speaking to Geoff about potentially photographing some specimens through the microscopes in the lab and he said to email you and ask if I could do so and when?

I would love to meet up and speak about what the labs have to offer? 

I've heard that the labs are busy and often full of lots of people so if it's difficult to fit me in, I'll understand.

Hope to hear from you soon, Thanks very much!

Toni

_____________________________________

I will chase up my contacts with the science labs in uni and arrange a time when I can visit the labs to learn then take photos for myself through the microscopes of specimens, germs, bacteria or disease, or whatever the labs have to offer. I will look at some online tutorials of how to do this type of photography so I can have a vague idea of what I will be doing. 

Developed FMP Proposal

Key Words:
Germs, spreading rate, OCD, statistics, public, reaction, action, microscope, bacteria, experiment, ultra violet, mental health, obsession, compulsion, disorder, reactions, effects, symptoms, daily struggle, treatment,
Overview / Topics of Interest:

I need to be fully engaged with my theme, topic and subject matter in order to allow myself to work at my best. Like many others, if I’m not passionate about something then I don’t work as well as what I would do if I was. I base the majority of my projects around people, public opinion and debate because I find it extremely interesting to converse with the public and find out what they think about certain matter. I love the range of answers, the patterns and trends and the rare surprises within the outcomes. The public are unpredictable, when working with them I never know what to expect in terms of their reactions to what I want them to do or their responses to what I’m asking them. I want to come across public interaction at some point throughout this project.

For a long time now I’ve been interesting in studying and capturing the results to experiments of rapid germ spreading in society. My interest began after watching a science experiment on the TV programme ‘Mythbusters’. I will base my project around the growth of germs, bacteria and disease and the causes, problems and solutions surrounding this topic and how this goes side by side with the suffers of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.
Introduction / Research Question: 

I’m interested in researching the rates at what particular germs, bacteria’s and diseases spread at within different scenarios plus the effects they have upon society. 

I want to find out more about people with OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) and how their obsession with fighting germs takes over their lives exploring the effects it has on their mental and physical health. 


Aims and Objectives:


- To gain wider knowledge on the spread of germs, bacteria and disease.
- To develop a theme from germs, bacteria and disease.
- To research statistics and similar topics surrounding this area.
- To develop my idea and have a clear understanding of what my end result can be.
- To create a body of work that captures and portrays clearly the vision intended.- To research the symptoms and effects that people with OCD have.
- To understand the struggles an OCD sufferer faces throughout daily life.
- To look into the reasons why people with OCD actually suffer from the disorder.
- To meet and spend time with people with OCD to understand how they live.
- To talk to OCD suffers/attend meetings and listen to their stories.

Rationale:
This project is something that I've wanted to do for a long time so what I’ll get out of it will be the sense of achievement after completion as well as more knowledge and understanding on my chosen topic. This project begins as portraying a ‘problem’ within society, a problem which we can’t completely solve yet can control, this being the rapid spread of germs, bacteria and disease and how it effects the lives of people with OCD. Development will allow me to capture a message and/or solution to my initial idea. This project has value to others in the way that it will widen their knowledge on the chosen subject matter as well as offer my way of thinking on the subject for the public to look upon and think about and judge. 



Previous research:The reasoning behind this idea has sprung from doing ‘accidental research’ through watching TV programmes which highlighted the problems surrounding ‘the spread of germs’, at the time I was merely watching them for entertainment and not research or ideas. I will now re-visit these programmes and watch them in an analytical and structured way in order to use them in aiding my with my project development.

General Methodology:The ‘Mythbuster’ experiment which aided in triggering my passion for this topic goes as follows: A glow in the dark liquid formula was used to symbolize the germs spread when someone has a common cold, the formula was the ‘mucus’ which was fitted to the outside on the nose and after this person sat through a dinner party set up the lights were turned off which revealed the extensive spread of the ‘germ’ formula. I want to capture results to a modified and personalised experiment in a similar way to this through a series of stills. I will explore the rates at which germs spread before tackling the main part to my project which will be the effects this has upon suffers to OCD.

Over the summer I was in contact with the science department in university and have been arranging with the lab technicians for me to go over and learn then put into practice taking photos of live specimens, germs and bacteria through a microscope. I will chase up my contacts and set a few dates on order to complete this aim.

Qualifications and Restrictions:

My biggest concern is working with lots of things that I've never worked with or had little experience with before like UV lighting, microscope photography and studio work. I’ll be restricted in what I can learn and put in practice in the time frame given for this project.

Replying on people is not something I like to do especially when it comes to time restricted photography projects because it allows for some of that control which is needed to get the work finished, to be in the hands of someone else. This particular project forces  me to rely on a lab technician who will spare their time to aid me in the lab and without this person I won’t be allowed to go ahead with attempting the lab work so I'm relying on that person to find the time for me and stick to it. Throughout small aspects of the project I will also require models which can sometimes restrict the completion of the project due to co-operation, timing and availability. I'll also be relying on the suffers of OCD to provide me an incite to their world, without this, I have no project.

Specialist needs:

- Lab access

- Micro scope access

- Skin friendly UV paint access

- Microscope photography training

- UV lighting photography training

- Germ/Bacteria/Disease knowledge

- Studio set up/lighting workshop

- Studio Space availability

- Find models willing to have UV paint on their face
- Locate OCD suffers
- Build relationships with OCD suffers to ensure they feel comfortable talking to me

Initial Bibliography:

Gordis, L. (2008). Epidemiology. Philadelphia: Pa; London: Saunders.

Miller, J. (2001). Germs: the ultimate weapon. New york; London: simon & Schuster.

Open University Environmental Control and Public Health Course Team. (1995). Environmental control and public health. Milton Keynes: Open University.

Singlton, P. (1981) Introduction to bacteria: for students in the biological sciences. Chichester: Wiley.

Sokatch, J Robert; Ornston, L; Iglewski, B, Clark, V; Gunsalus, I. (1990). The Bacteria: a treatise on structure and function. London: academic press

Zimmerman, B; Zimmerman, D. (2003). Killer germs: microbes and diseases that threaten humanity. Chicago: Comtemporary Books.

Developed Idea

My idea started off from an interest I've always had, I've always wanted to take photos of things through a microscope. I want to look at germs, disease and bacteria so I got in contact with the science labs in uni and arranged a time I'd be able to enter the labs and peruse this initial idea.

I had a theme but I still didn't have a solid idea or clear path so I began thinking of what I wanted to get out of my FMP.

SCAN MIND MAP HERE

More research and ideas lead me to the idea of 'Hidden Dangers', I want to develop this into something that isn't as cliché as documenting dangerous things that you can't see. One of the paths that did stand out to me was Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. I found a video that I thought summed up OCD very well, this video grabbed my attention more and set the idea of exploring this topic more into my head.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnKZ4pdSU-s

I think a lot of us show signs of OCD whether they're severe or not, I for one definitely have some slight OCD traits and it'll be interesting for me to learn the reasons of why I personally have these.

I'm interested in looking further into the effects it has upon the lives of the sufferers to this disordera. I'll continue to research into it and develop a clear direction of how I want to progress into my FMP.

Original FMP Proposal

Key Words:

Germs, spreading rate, OCD, STATS, public, reaction, action, microscope, bacteria, experiment, ultra violet,



Overview / Topics of Interest:

I need to be fully engaged with my theme, topic and subject matter in order to allow myself to work at my best. Like many others, if I’m not passionate about something then I don’t work as well as what I would do if I was. I base the majority of my projects around people, public opinion and debate because I find it extremely interesting to converse with the public and find out what they think about certain matter. I love the range of answers, the patterns and trends and the rare surprises within the outcomes. The public are unpredictable, when working with them I never know what to expect in terms of their reactions to what I want them to do or their responses to what I’m asking them. I want to come across public interaction at some point throughout this project.

For a long time now I’ve been interesting in studying and capturing the results to experiments of rapid germ spreading in society. My interest began after watching a science experiment on the TV programme ‘Mythbusters’. I will base my project around the growth of germs, bacteria and disease and the causes, problems and solutions surrounding this topic.



Introduction / Research Question:

I’m interested in researching the rates at what particular germs, bacteria’s and diseases spread at within different scenarios plus the effects they have upon society. 

I want to find out more about people with OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) and how their obsession with fighting germs takes over their lives exploring the effects it has on their mental and physical health. 



Aims and Objectives:


- To gain wider knowledge on the spread of germs, bacteria and disease.
- To develop a theme from germs, bacteria and disease.
- To research statistics and similar topics surrounding this area.
- To develop my idea and have a clear understanding of what my end result can be.
- To create a body of work that captures and portrays clearly the vision intended.

Rationale:

This project is something that I’ve wanted to do for a long time so what I’ll get out of it will be the sense of achievement after completion as well as more knowledge and understanding on my chosen topic. This project begins as portraying a ‘problem’ within society, a problem which we can’t completely solve yet can control, this being the rapid spread of germs, bacteria and disease. Development will allow me to capture a message and/or solution to my initial idea. This project has value to others in the way that it will widen their knowledge on the chosen subject matter as well as offer my way of thinking on the subject for the public to look upon and think about and judge. 

Previous research:

The reasoning behind this idea has sprung from doing ‘accidental research’ through watching TV programmes which highlighted the problems surrounding ‘the spread of germs’, at the time I was merely watching them for entertainment and not research or ideas. I will now re-visit these programmes and watch them in an analytical and structured way in order to use them in aiding my with my project development.

General Methodology:The ‘Mythbuster’ experiment which aided in triggering my passion for this topic goes as follows: A glow in the dark liquid formula was used to symbolize the germs spread when someone has a common cold, the formula was the ‘mucus’ which was fitted to the outside on the nose and after this person sat through a dinner party set up the lights were turned off which revealed the extensive spread of the ‘germ’ formula. I want to capture results to a modified and personalised experiment in a similar way to this through a series of stills.

Over the summer I was in contact with the science department in university and have been arranging with the lab technicians for me to go over and learn then put into practice taking photos of live specimens, germs and bacteria through a microscope. I will chase up my contacts and set a few dates on order to complete this aim.

Qualifications and Restrictions:

My biggest concern is working with lots of things that I’ve never worked with or had little experience with before like UV lighting, microscope photography and studio work. I’ll be restricted in what I can learn and put in practice in the time frame given for this project.

Replying on people is not something I like to do especially when it comes to time restricted photograpy projects because it allows for some of that control which is needed to get the work finished, to be in the hands of someone else. This particular project forces  me to rely on a lab technician who will spare their time to aid me in the lab and without this person I won’t be allowed to go ahead with attempting the lab work so I’m relying on that person to find the time for me and stick to it. Throughout small aspects of the project I will also require models which can sometimes restrict the completion of the project due to co-operation, timing and availability.

Specialist needs:

- Lab access

- Micro scope access

- Skin friendly UV paint access

- Microscope photography training

- UV lighting photography training

- Germ/Bacteria/Disease knowledge

- Studio set up/lighting workshop

- Studio Space availability

- Find models willing to have UV paint on their face

Initial Bibliography:

Gordis, L. (2008). Epidemiology. Philadelphia: Pa; London: Saunders.

Miller, J. (2001). Germs: the ultimate weapon. New york; London: simon & Schuster.

Open University Environmental Control and Public Health Course Team. (1995). Environmental control and public health. Milton Keynes: Open University.

Singlton, P. (1981) Introduction to bacteria: for students in the biological sciences. Chichester: Wiley.

Sokatch, J Robert; Ornston, L; Iglewski, B, Clark, V; Gunsalus, I. (1990). The Bacteria: a treatise on structure and function. London: academic press

Zimmerman, B; Zimmerman, D. (2003). Killer germs: microbes and diseases that threaten humanity. Chicago: Comtemporary Books.